Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.Keegan, "The American Civil War", p. 73. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the Also in the spring of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jackson led his Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective and he was humiliated in the The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and who write for the general public, rather than the scholarly community. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well.To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain, converted them to warships, and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service.The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. Had Northerners realized that most Southerners favored secession, they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South.Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies. University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based in a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states.At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union.

When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while trying to maintain slavery. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida, but no major battles.
The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late.
... Anger swept the land. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias.In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip.

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